Physical activity is good for health. Higher levels of physical activity are associated with reduced rates of breast and colon cancer, better mental health, lower obesity rates, lower heart disease, stroke (the list goes on). This blog looks at a new study we just published that found that New Zealanders who walk or cycle to their main activity each day have a 76% higher chance of achieving the Ministry of Health physical activity guidelines than those who drive cars.
Despite the overwhelming evidence of the benefits of physical activity, less than half of New Zealanders now meet the Ministry of Health physical activity guidelines, which should really be considered a bare minimum for health (see Figure 1). In addition, an alarming 1 in 6 of us do less than 30 minutes physical activity each week.
Note: horizontal axis timescale is not annual
So it seems that whatever the health sector is doing to promote physical activity in New Zealanders, is not working. And that is not surprising; we have engineered opportunities for physical activity almost entirely out of our lives. Increasingly, the only way to get physical activity is by doing some sort of specific activity (e.g. going to a gym) that needs to be squeezed into already busy lives. So it is hardly surprising that physical activity is declining.
The promotion of active travel (walking and cycling) and public transport (which is usually accompanied by walking trips at each end) is thought to be one of the most effective ways to create enduring increases in physical activity levels in the population.1 Interventions to increase active travel and public transport may also have other positive impacts such as improved air quality, decreased traffic congestion and carbon emissions, decreased crime and increased social connectedness.1
Our newly published study, in the Journal of Transport and Health, looked at whether New Zealanders who walk, cycle or take public transport to their main activity (work, university etc) each day are more likely to meet the NZ physical activity guidelines than those who take the car. It found that New Zealanders who walk or cycle to their main activity each day have a 76% higher chance (odds) of achieving the Ministry of Health physical activity guidelines than those who drive cars. When we looked at this association for people who are in work or not in work, it holds for both groups.
This study also found that people who take public transport are no more likely to meet the physical activity guidelines than those who drive cars (OR 1.15 95%CI 0.80-1.65). This was a somewhat unexpected finding, as internationally there is evidence that people who take public transport do have higher levels of physical activity than those who drive cars.2 The lack of statistical significance may be related to the sample size, only a small number of people in this survey who actually took public transport (250 out of about 5000) as for NZ overall taking public transport is a minority transport mode. We need to do more work in this area to confirm or refute this finding.
We know from studies overseas that active commuting increases overall physical activity levels, it is not ‘offset’ by reductions in physical activity in other areas. Longitudinal studies that follow up people who start active commuting show they increase their overall physical activity and, conversely, people who stop active commuting reduce their overall physical activity.3-5 We also know that people who take up active commuting reduce their weight (and the reverse is true for people who stop active commuting),6,7 reduce their risk of diabetes,8 reduce their work sickness absence,9 and reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality.10
This study also looked at who walks, cycles and takes public transport in New Zealand; showing that people who use these modes of transport are more likely to be younger, with lower incomes and are predominately men. This may be problematic for policy development; we know that some of the opposition to new infrastructure for commuter cycling, for example, represents a clash in perceived values between those who cycle and those who do not. Having a more representative group of society using these modes of transport may be useful to alleviate some of the culture wars.
In summary, our new study contributes to the growing body of evidence showing that active transport is an effective way of increasing physical activity for New Zealanders and therefore lowering many disease risks. The important questions to focus on now are what are the best policies and incentives to increase active transport levels and how to ensure that people who are currently insufficiently active for health have easy options to take up active transport if they wish.
